What’s causing US women to skip or delay medical care?
Susan E. Short and Meghan Zacher, “Women’s health: Population patterns and social determinants,” Annual Review of Sociology 48, 2022: pp. 277–298; Marika Cabral and Marcus Dillender, “Disparities in health care and medical evaluations by gender: A review of evidence and mechanisms,” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 111, 2021: pp. 159–163.
David E. Bloom, Michael Kuhn, and Klaus Prettner, “The contribution of female health to economic development,” National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2015.
Deloitte analysis of the utilization of health insurance data from the Komodo Healthcare Map, a payer database that includes employer-sponsored member lives (more than 16 million lives are used in the sample).This data set encompasses enrollment history and health care claims for medical benefits (excluding pharmacy) from all settings of care sourced from payers nationwide, from 2017 to 2022. See “Disclaimers” section for third-party disclosure for Komodo Health Inc.
Fariha Angum, Tahir Khan, Jasndeep Kaler, Lena Siddiqui, and Azhar Hussain, “The prevalence of autoimmune disorders in women: A narrative review,” Cureus 12, no. 5 (2020): e8094.
Alzheimer’s Society, “Why is dementia different for women?,” March 8, 2024.
Deloitte, “The future of health is female: The impact of women+ health on our society,” accessed Aug. 5, 2024.
Bridget Balch, “Why we know so little about women’s health,” Association of American Medical Colleges, March 26, 2024.
Ru-fong Joanne Cheng, “Could this be a transformative year for women’s health?,” Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, April 17, 2024.
Munira Z. Gunja, Roosa Tikkanen, Shanoor Seervai, and Sara R. Collins, “What is the status of women’s health and health care in the US compared to ten other countries?,” The Commonwealth Fund, December 2018.
Peter Micca, Jennifer Radin, Sheryl Jacobson, Christine Chang, Steve Davis, and Madhushree Wagh, “Can investors help women’s health break through the glass ceiling?,” Deloitte Insights, Feb. 27, 2024.
Deloitte Center for Health Solutions Pulse Survey, March 2024.
Laryssa Mykyta and Robin A. Cohen, “Characteristics of adults aged 18–64 who did not take medication as prescribed to reduce costs: United States, 2021,” National Center for Health Statistics, June 2, 2023.
Sara R. Collins, Shreya Roy, and Relebohile Masitha, “Paying for it: How health care costs and medical debt are making Americans sicker and poorer,” The Commonwealth Fund, Oct. 26, 2023.
Ibid.
National Institute of Mental Health, “Women and mental health,” April 2024.
Daniel E. Dawes et al., “The projected cost and economic impact of mental health inequities in the United States,” Meharry School of Global Health and Deloitte Health Equity Institute, May 15, 2024.
Deloitte Center for Health Solutions 2015 survey of US Health Care Consumers.
Deloitte Center for Health Solutions 2022 survey of US Health Care Consumers.
Deloitte, “Closing the cost gap: Strategies to advance women’s health equity,” accessed Aug. 5, 2024.
Rajesh Kochhar, “The enduring grip of the gender pay gap,” Pew Research Center, March 1, 2023
US Department of Labor Women’s Bureau, “Understanding the gender wage gap,” March 2023.
Jay Bhatt, Heather Nelson, Christine Chang, Jessica Overman, and David Veroff, “Rethinking when and how to use race appropriately in care delivery,” Deloitte Insights, May 19, 2022.
Carole A. Robinson, “Trust, health care relationships, and chronic illness: A theoretical coalescence,” Global Qualitative Nursing Research 3, 2016; Johanna Birkhäuer Jens Gaab, Joe Kossowsky, Sebastian Hasler, Peter Krummenacher, Christoph Werner, and Heike Gerger, “Trust in the health care professional and health outcome: A meta-analysis,” PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (2017).
Leslie Read, Leslie Korenda, and Heather Nelson, “Rebuilding trust in health care,” Deloitte Insights, Aug. 5, 2021.
Ibid.
Josephine Ornago, “Bikini-medicine: Shifting the gaze from women’s bodies to women’s health,” Med-Tech Innovation News, May 28, 2024; The George Institute for Global Health, “Time to shift research focus from ‘bikini medicine’ to what is really ailing women,” March 30, 2022.
MedlinePlus, “Women’s health,” Jan. 10, 2022; Health Resources and Services Administration, “Women’s Preventive Services Guidelines,” March 2024.
Office on Women’s Health in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, “Disparities and the leading causes of death in women,” May 15, 2023.
Abdullah Al Hamid, Rachel Beckett, Megan Wilson, Zahra Jalal, Ejaz Cheema, Dhiya Al-Jumeily OBE, Thomas Coombs, Komang Ralebitso-Senior, and Sulaf Assi, “Gender bias in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review,” Cureus 16, no. 2 (2024): e54264.
Dr. Lili Barouch, “Heart disease: Differences in men and women,” Johns Hopkins Medicine, accessed July 8, 2024.
Tony Yue Sun, Jill Hardin, Harry Reyes Nieva, Karthik Natarajan, Ru-fong Cheng, Patrick Ryan, and Noémie Elhadad, “Large-scale characterization of gender differences in diagnosis prevalence and time to diagnosis,” preprint, medRxiv, Oct. 16, 2023
Kalia Doner and Mayo Clinic Press editors, “Heart disease in women: Unsuspected? Overlooked? Ignored?,” Mayo Clinic Press, Feb. 2, 2022.
Kulleni Gebreyes, Heather Nelson, Margaret Punch, Jay Bhatt, Mani Keita, and Christine Chang, “Maternal health inequities persist. Can digital tools be part of the solution?,” Deloitte Insights, March 20, 2024.
Colorado Health Foundation, “ECCD explainer,” accessed July 31, 2024.
Julius Tapper, “All for one, not one for all: The power of equity-centered design,” Deloitte Digital, accessed July 31, 2024.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, “Health disparities and inequities,” accessed July 8, 2024; The Annie E. Casey Foundation, “What’s the difference between equity and equality?,” Nov. 20, 2023.
Deloitte analysis of the utilization of health insurance data from the Komodo Healthcare Map.
Leslie Read, Leslie Korenda, Jay Bhatt, and Jitinder Kohli, “Advancing health through alternative sites of care,” Deloitte Insights, Oct. 4, 2022.
Susanne Hupfer, Jennifer Radin, Paul H. Silverglate, and Michael Steinhart, “Tech companies have a trust gap to overcome—especially with women,” Deloitte Insights, Nov. 8, 2023.
Micca, Radin, Jacobson, Chang, Davis, and Wagh “Can investors help women’s health break through the glass ceiling?.”
US Food and Drug Administration, “New drug therapy approvals 2022,” Jan. 10, 2023; Reenita Das, “Women’s health care comes out of the shadows,” Forbes, April 12, 2018.
Michelle Williams, “The drive for women’s health equity,” Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, March 22, 2023; Shyam Bishen and Kevin Ali, “Women’s health: Rethinking the cost as an investment for societal gain,” World Economic Forum, Jan. 20, 2023.
Irving Zucker and Brian J. Prendergast, “Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women,” Biology of Sex Differences 11, no. 1 (2020): p. 32.
Michelle Long, Brittni Frederiksen, Usha Ranji, and Alina Salganicoff, “Women’s health care utilization and costs: Findings from the 2020 KFF Women’s Health Survey,” Kaiser Family Foundation, April 21, 2021.
The White House, “Executive order on advancing women’s health research and innovation,” March 18, 2024.
Deloitte, “The future of health is female.”
